| Challenge | Cause | Solution | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Prolonged exposure to high heat | Use shorter times or ASE under inert gas | | Emulsion formation | Polar/non-polar interactions | Add salt, change solvent ratio | | Matrix swelling | Solids absorb solvent, blocking flow | Pre-dry solids, use co-solvents (e.g., water-ethanol) | | Low reproducibility | Inconsistent temperature or particle size | Strictly standardize grinding and use thermostatic baths |
Laboratory scale: