When a veterinary patient experiences fear or stress, the body releases a cascade of hormones: cortisol, adrenaline, and norepinephrine. In short bursts, this is normal. However, chronic stress—common in animals who dread car rides or clinic visits—suppresses the immune system, delays wound healing, and exacerbates inflammatory conditions like feline interstitial cystitis or canine atopic dermatitis.

Chronic stress from poor handling, overcrowding, or inadequate enrichment leads to: