Indonesia is a major palm oil and coal producer. Deforestation, peatland fires, and mining have displaced many masyarakat adat (indigenous peoples). For example, the Dayak in Kalimantan have seen their customary forests shrink, disrupting both livelihood and ritual cycles. Here, culture serves as both a protective factor (adat-based forest management) and a source of marginalization (adat communities are often excluded from formal planning).