Caino Sanchez Semiologia Cardiovascular Pdf |top| Jun 2026

The core of the manual—identifying normal heart sounds ( S1cap S sub 1 S2cap S sub 2 ), extra sounds ( S3cap S sub 3 S4cap S sub 4 ), and the timing, location, and radiation of murmurs.

| Sign | Typical Disease | Key Examination Maneuver | |------|----------------|--------------------------| | | Dilated cardiomyopathy, severe mitral regurg | Palpate 5th intercostal space, mid‑clavicular line | | Pulsus paradoxus > 10 mm Hg | Cardiac tamponade, severe asthma | Measure BP while patient performs inspiratory hold | | S3 (ventricular gallop) | Congestive HF, high output states | Auscultate at the apex, left lateral decubitus | | S4 (atrial gallop) | LV hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease | Same position as S3, low‑pitch sound | | Murmur: harsh, crescendo‑decrescendo, radiates to carotids | Aortic stenosis | Listen at right 2nd intercostal space, ask patient to sit & lean forward | | Murmur: holosystolic, “blowing”, radiates to axilla | Mitral regurgitation | Listen at apex, ask for hand‑grip to increase afterload | | Murmur: early diastolic, decrescendo, best at left sternal border | Aortic regurgitation | Listen with patient sitting forward, exhale fully | | Pericardial friction rub | Acute pericarditis | Auscultate in both systole & diastole, high‑frequency “scratchy” sound | | Elevated JVP with prominent “v‑waves” | Tricuspid regurgitation, RV failure | Observe neck veins at 45° angle, ask patient to perform Valsalva | caino sanchez semiologia cardiovascular pdf

Assessing sudden loss of consciousness and swelling as systemic manifestations of heart failure or vascular issues. The Physical Examination: Beyond Technology The core of the manual—identifying normal heart sounds